6/30/2023 0 Comments Periodic table valence electrons![]() ![]() We can see from the electron configuration of a carbon atom-1 s 22 s 22 p 2-that it has 4 valence electrons (2 s 22 p 2) and 2 core electrons (1 s 2). Valence shell electrons (or, more simply, the valence electrons) are the electrons in the highest-numbered shell, or valence shell, while core electrons are the electrons in lower-numbered shells. Thus, it is convenient to separate electrons into two groups. The path a specific element will take depends on where the electrons are in the atom and how many there are. The valence electrons will determine how many electrons are shared or transferred between atoms.\,3s^1 \nonumber \]Ī chemical reaction results from electron removal, electron addition, or electron sharing of the valence electrons of the different atoms.When there is a large imbalance of electronegativity and ionization energy between atoms, an ionic bond will form. ![]() If we have a meta/nonmetal pairing then the nonmetal atom will pull strongly on the metal's weakly held (low ionization energy) electron and the metal atom will not pull very strongly (low electronegativity) on the strongly held (high ionization energy) electrons of the nonmetal atom.When both atoms in the pair have a similar pull on the other's electrons (electronegativity) and resist the removal of an electron (ionization energy) in a similar way, then they will share electrons forming a covalent bond.In that situation the atoms will attract the other's electrons with about the same strength, and it will take a similar amount of energy to remove an electron from each atom. If we have a metal/metal or a nonmetal/nonmetal pairing then each atom in the pair will have a similar electronegativity and ionization energy as the atom it is bonded with.If two atoms are going to bond together we have three possible categories:.Non-Metals (high ionization energy and high electronegativity).Metals (low ionization energy and low electronegativity).The periodic table can be divided into two broad groups:.Basically, atoms are most stable when they can achieve an outer electron structure similar to the closest Noble gas.This can be done by either sharing electrons between atoms, taking electrons from other atoms, or giving electrons away to other atoms. If atoms don't have 8 valence electrons (or two if they are close to He), then they will react with other atoms in order to have 8 valence electrons.One exception is He which has a full principle energy level with 2 electrons. All of these elements have 8 valence electrons in their highest principle energy level. One simple piece of evidence for this is the Noble Gases which form the last column on the right of the periodic table.Experimental evidence shows us that atoms are most stable when they have full s and p orbitals (8 valence electrons) in their highest principle energy level.Pick two elements from any column and determine how many valence electrons those atoms have.Bromine has 7 valence electrons: 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 6 4s 23d 10 4p 5.Sodium has 1 valence electron: 1s 22s 22p 6 3s 1.Oxygen has 6 valence electrons: 1s 2 2s 22p 4. ![]() It is these electrons that primarily interact with other atoms.
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